Gastroenteritis in Children: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Acute gastroenteritis in children is a common condition that affects the digestive tract, leading to an increase in the number of bowel movements, which are often soft or watery. This condition can be accompanied by abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever, and in some cases, the stools may contain small amounts of blood or mucus.

Causes and Symptoms of Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is generally caused by viral infections, but it can also be induced by bacteria or parasites. In children, the main symptoms include:

- Frequent, watery diarrhea

- Vomiting

- Abdominal pain

- Fever

- Signs of dehydration such as excessive thirst, sunken eyes, crying without tears, and dryness in the mouth and tongue.

It is essential to monitor these symptoms, especially in infants younger than 3 months, as they have a higher risk of dehydration. 

Prevention and Home Care

Prevention primarily focuses on hygiene. Frequent handwashing, both for the child and the caregivers, is essential to prevent the spread. Additionally, the use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) is crucial if the child shows signs of dehydration. These solutions contain a precise ratio of water, sugar, and salts to compensate for the losses due to bowel movements and vomiting.

For the treatment to be effective, ORS should be administered in small amounts and frequently, avoiding beverages such as commercial soft drinks or sports drinks that may have inappropriate levels of sugar and electrolytes for a child with diarrhea.

Nutrition During Illness

It is a myth that children should fast during an episode of gastroenteritis. On the contrary, they should continue with a practically normal diet if indicated by medical professionals. It is suggested to offer meals in small portions and more frequently, respecting the child's appetite. It is recommended to avoid foods rich in fats, sweets, and citrus juices that may be harder to digest.

It is not necessary to eliminate dairy products from the diet, and for children who are breastfeeding, they should be allowed to nurse even more frequently.

When to Consult a Pediatrician

It is important to seek medical attention if the child:

- Vomits excessively and cannot retain liquids or solids.

- Has greenish vomiting, or vomiting with blood or resembling coffee grounds.

- Shows signs of dehydration.

- Experiences intense abdominal pain.

- Is extremely lethargic or sleepy.

Finally, children should be kept away from school or daycare until symptoms have completely disappeared to prevent contagion.

Consulted Sources

1. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. Evidence-based clinical care guideline for medical management of acute gastroenteritis in children aged months through 5 years.

2. Costa I Pagés J, Polanco Allúe I, Rodrigo Gonzalo de Liria C. Clinical practice guideline. Multidisciplinary guide SEGNHP-SEIP. Acute gastroenteritis in children. Ed Ergon 2010.

3. Guarino A, Albano F, Ashkenazi S, et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition/ European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases. Evidence-based Guidelines for the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children in Europe. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008;46(suppl.2):S81-S122.

It is essential that parents and caregivers follow medical recommendations and stay informed about the necessary care to manage an episode of gastroenteritis in children properly. This will not only help alleviate the child's symptoms but also contribute to preventing complications and reducing the transmission of the disease.